What is a Chicken? A Look at the Bird We Love to Eat

Genomic studies estimated that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. The chicks imprint on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of Tibet have special physiological adaptations that result in a higher hatching rate in low oxygen environments. Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own.

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• When a rooster finds food he may call the other chickens to eat it first.
• Males (called cocks or roosters) and females (hens) are known for their fleshy combs, lobed wattles hanging below the bill, and high-arched tails.
• Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its egg tooth to break out of the shell.
• Adult female chickens lay a varied number of eggs annually.

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During the Hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries BC), in the southern Levant, chickens began to be widely domesticated for food. The possibility that domestic chickens were in the Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from different subspecies of red junglefowl.

Some hens, for instance, can lay around 150 eggs annually, while others can lay over 300 eggs. Adult female chickens lay a varied number of eggs annually. Modern egg-laying breeds rarely go broody and those that do often stop part-way through the incubation cycle. If the eggs are not fertilized and do not hatch, the hen will eventually grow tired of being broody and leave the nest. The hen can hear the chicks peeping inside the eggs, and will gently cluck to encourage them to break out of their shells. Sometimes a hen will stop laying eggs to concentrate on the incubation of her eggs.

The pecking order is established within groups of female chicks by the 10th week of life. Chickens belonging to the same age cohort and sex are often kept together in industrial production settings. Altercations, however, may also include pummeling with wings and scratching with claws. A flock usually includes one dominant adult male, a few subdominant males, and two or more females that are carefully watched over by the dominant male. Chicks are born covered in down, but they mature quickly, becoming fully feathered after four to five weeks.

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For instance, a breed like Wyandotte is available in several colors, including silver, laced, Columbian, and white. You can detect a chicken’s variety from its feather color, feather pattern, and comb type. Chickens with the same size, physical characteristics, and shape belong to the same class and breed.

Modern varieties however grow much faster; by day 35 a Ross 708 broiler may weigh 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) as against the 1.05 kg (2.3 lb) of a heritage chicken of the same age. Newly hatched chicks of both modern and heritage varieties weigh the same, about 37 g (1.3 oz). While the origin is Germanic, it is unclear exactly where the word came from, although it could ultimately have come from an imitation of the sound a chicken makes.

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